The paper will outline the long-term history of quantum physics, from its origins in the internal tensions of classical physics to the so-called Second Quantum Revolution. This history unfolded in three distinct stages, the building of a scaffold for a new theory, beginning in 1900, the formulation of the new theory between 1925 and 1932, and the full realization of its conceptual implications over the ensuing half century. The paper will emphasize the crucial role of scientists who played a double role in this history, as builders of the new framework and as its critics, among them Albert Einstein, Erwin Schrödinger, and David Bohm.